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Diagnose high latency in an LLM inference pipeline

1Give yourself 5 minutes

2Answer out loud, not in your head

3Then compare with the answer below

Reference answer

Stack-by-stack: TTFT (time to first token) vs. inter-token latency. Bucket by cache hit rate. Stratify by prompt size, model, region. Common causes: token-bucket rate limiting, cold-start on the model server, context window expansion, retrieval index lookup, prompt cache miss, GPU saturation. Mitigation: switch to streaming, warm-pool the model with the customer's typical prompts, batch the retrieval lookup, pre-empt the model server.

Then expect these follow-ups

"How do you latency-budget a multi-tenant app where this is one of five model calls?

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